{"id":4986,"date":"2022-10-28T14:13:59","date_gmt":"2022-10-28T11:13:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/d9lb3qyw8jhbr.cloudfront.net\/?p=4986"},"modified":"2022-10-28T14:14:01","modified_gmt":"2022-10-28T11:14:01","slug":"review-of-the-fight-against-extremism-in-belarus-in-july-september-2022","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/d9lb3qyw8jhbr.cloudfront.net\/en\/review-of-the-fight-against-extremism-in-belarus-in-july-september-2022\/","title":{"rendered":"Review of the fight against «extremism» in Belarus in July-September 2022"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
The review reflects the main trends in the use of «anti-extremist» and «anti-terrorist» laws in Belarus from July to September 2022. We analyze the publications of state media, pro-government Telegram channels, independent media, and human rights organizations. State bodies and state media continued to use «extremism» as an instrument of political pressure and persecution of civil society representatives.<\/p>\n\n\n\n During the three months analyzed, new repressive practices have been employed under the guise of fighting «extremism.» Legislation has been amended to allow deprivation of citizenship and confiscation of property of dissidents who left the country. People who speak out against the war continue to be prosecuted for «incitement of hatred.» People have been charged with «treason against the state» for transferring information about the movement of the military to Telegram channels. The period of July-September 2022 was marked by opening the first case on the «denial of the genocide of the Belarusian people» for «incorrect» interpretation of history. First sentences for attempting to «disrupt the referendum» were imposed. Patreon accounts and opposition stickers began to be recognized as «extremist materials,» while professional chats started to be recognized as «extremist formations.» Bookstores started to be fined for selling «extremist» books, websites were blocked for mentioning «terrorists» in their content, and people were forced to remove forbidden tattoos.<\/p>\n\n\n\n From July to September 2022, the Belarusian authorities considered three legislative changes directly or indirectly related to «extremism.» The changes concerned the the possibility of restricting people from leaving Belarus for the following reasons: if this contradicts the interests of the «national security,» in order to conduct trials in absentia against people who fled abroad being accused of «extremism,» as well as in order to adopt the rules on depriving such people of their Belarusian citizenship. The Belarusian authorities continue to use the rules of law as a repressive tool. Such changes are aimed at even greater oppression, intimidation, and persecution of the dissidents.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n On 23 June 2022, the National Legal Portal published<\/a> a draft law on amending a number of Belarusian laws, in particular, the law «On the procedure for leaving the Republic of Belarus and entring the Republic of Belarus.» This act expands the list of grounds on which the right to leave Belarus may be restricted. Besides other reasons, exit may be restricted if it «contradicts the interests of the national security of the Republic of Belarus» or if an administrative process is being carried out against a person for offenses against the governance procedures, including those within the framework of the «political» articles of the Code of Administrative Offenses (hereinafter \u2013 Administrative Code), for example, under Articles 24.3 («Disobedience to a lawful order or demand of an official representative in the exercise of one’s official powers») and 24.23 of the Administrative Code («Violation of the procedure for organizing or carrying out mass events.») More details about this change can be found in our thematic overview<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n On 21 July 2022, A. Lukashenko signed Law No. 199-3 «On Amending the Criminal Procedure Code of the Republic of Belarus,»<\/a> which introduces the possibility of conducting special (in absentia<\/em>) trials of people who are accused under a number of «extremist» and «terrorist» articles who reside abroad and «evade» visiting the body conducting the criminal process. In order to initiate such proceedings, two conditions must be met simultaneously:<\/p>\n\n\n\n The list of Articles of the Criminal Code on which proceedings can be initiated in absentia<\/em> does not include «defamatory» Articles (insulting representatives of the authorities; slander; discrediting), a number of «extremist» Articles (actions grossly violating public order; creation of an extremist formation; financing an extremist formation).<\/p>\n\n\n\n The Chairman of the Investigative Committee Dmitry Gora claimed<\/a> that one of the main goals of the adoption of this law was to create legal grounds for the confiscation of property of political emigres which remains on the territory of Belarus. He believes that the conversion of such property into state revenue will allow to «at least partially cover the damage that has been caused to the country.»<\/p>\n\n\n\n On 27 September 2022, the Investigative Committee initiated the process of the first «special proceedings»<\/a> in a criminal case: five defendants are accused of administering the «Black Book of Belarus» Telegram channel, which publishes personal data of government officials. The Committee also published a «List of people against whom special proceedings have been initiated and called to the criminal prosecution body.»<\/a> By doing so the Investigative Committee demands the physical presence of the defendants in order to carry out investigative actions. Under the new law, this procedure of notification is considered to be a proper notice. On 28 September 2022, the Investigative Committee announced<\/a> the completion of the preparation of the materials for the start of «special proceedings» in relation to the leaders and participants of the «Belarusian Sports Solidarity Fund,» «Coordination Council,» human rights center «Viasna,» opposition Telegram channel NEXTA, as well as in relation to the participant of the 2020 presidential campaign Valery Tsepkalo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n On 21 September 2022, a draft plan for a law<\/a> was published to amend the law «On Citizenship of the Republic of Belarus.» After consideration of this bill in the Parliament and signing by A. Lukashenko, it will be possible to deprive people of the citizenship of the Republic of Belarus on the basis of two conditions:<\/p>\n\n\n\n 1) if a sentence has entered into force against a person, confirming his participation in «extremist activity» or infliction of «grievous harm to the interests of the Republic of Belarus» by him. The law explains that «extremism» will mean a list of crimes, consisting of 55 Articles of the Criminal Code. This list almost completely repeats the list of crimes for which in absentia<\/em> proceedings can be carried out, although it has a number of minor differences. Thus, despite the absence of the possibility of conducting inabsentia<\/em> proceedings on such charges, citizenship cannot be revoked for participation in an «extremist formation» or administering it, financing «extremist activity» or assisting it, participating in an armed conflict on the territory of a foreign state.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 2) such a person resides outside Belarus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n It was also possible to deprive of citizenship for «extremism» before \u2013 the previous version of the Law allowed doing this only in relation to persons, who were convicted under one of the 24 Articles of the Criminal Code and received citizenship not by birth, but as a result of admission to the citizenship of the Republic of Belarus. Whereas now, citizenship can also be deprived of people, who received it by birth and for a much wider list of acts. The new law also stipulates that «in the event that legal facts relevant for making decisions on citizenship issues arose before this Law entered into force, then decisions on citizenship issues are made in accordance with this Law.» This means that people can be deprived of citizenship for actions that were committed before the Law entered into force, including for activities in 2020-2022, disapproved by the authorities. Thus, the Law has retroactive effect and, at the same time, increases responsibility, which contradicts Article 104 of the Constitution of the Republic of Belarus, which states that the laws shall not have retroactive effect, except in cases where they mitigates or cancels the responsibility of citizens.<\/p>\n\n\n\n It is obvious that the two legislative changes mentioned above are elements of a complex mechanism created to punish people who are persecuted on political grounds, but who are abroad and are beyond the reach of law enforcement agencies. It should be mentioned that the authorities also announced more radical measures against people who fled abroad, which were not included in the final draft of the Law. In particular, the head of the Ministry of Internal Affairs Ivan Kubrakov suggested<\/a> a ban on the entry of Belarusians who were deprived of citizenship for «extremism» for 30 years as a «preventive measures.»<\/p>\n\n\n\n The Chairman of the Council of the Republic, Natalya Kochanova, also announced<\/a> the soon-to-be-adopted amendments to the laws on the activities of political parties and other public associations. She mentioned that the amendments will include norms on «inciting hatred, extremism.»<\/p>\n\n\n\n At the beginning of September 2022, A. Lukashenko announced<\/a> the preparation of an amnesty draft dedicated to the Day of National Unity, which, according to the Presidential Decree, is celebrated on September 17. On 6 September 2022, Prosecutor General Andrey Shved claimed<\/a> that at least 8,000 people would be released under the amnesty. He noted that the Prosecutor General’s Office was strongly against the amnesty act extending to «persons who encroached on the sovereignty, independence, constitutional order of the country in 2020-2021,» however, Lukashenko gave orders «to approach this issue individually, and first of all through the institution of pardon.» Shved added that some people who «committed crimes related to extremism» could be released, but only on condition of repentance and appeal to the president for pardon. As of the end of September, it is not known about the release of political prisoners under an amnesty, except for several cases \u2013 for example, the release of «Radio Svoboda» journalist Oleg Gruzdilovich<\/a> and human rights activist Tatyana Lasitsa<\/a>. They, however, were released not under a mass amnesty, but under an individual pardon decree.<\/p>\n\n\n\n The period was marked by the participation of state authorities representatives in international events dedicated to the fight against «nazism,» «\u200eextremism,» and «\u200eterrorism.» On 23 August 2022, a representative of the Prosecutor General’s Office, Igor Moroz, took part<\/a> in the First International Anti-Fascist Congress. In his report, he spoke about the actions taken against the rehabilitation of nazism in Belarus \u2013 in particular, about the newly introduced responsibility for the rehabilitation of nazism, «including in such forms as discrediting the role of the USSR in the war and glorifying nazi ideology, demonstrating nazi symbols, glorifying nazi criminals.» He also mentioned the investigation of the criminal case on the genocide of Belarusians (in which, in his opinion, Lithuania and Latvia did not provide the necessary support) and the new law that criminalizes the denial of the genocide of the Belarusian people. On August 9-11, 2022, Minsk hosted a seminar<\/a> for representatives of the Commonwelath of Independent States countries named «Risk Assessment of the Non-Commercial Organizations Sector,» which raised the issue of the fight against the financing of terrorism through non-profit organizations. During this seminar, the representative of the State Control Committee Vyacheslav Reut, stated that «Belarus already has a certain negative experience in 2020, when non-profit organizations were involved in illegal activities.» According to Reut, the authorities will soon conduct a «national risk assessment» in the Non-Commercial Organizations sector in order to «focus on organizations being at high risk: of being involved in terrorism financing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n On 9 August 2022, Mikhail Bedunkevich, Deputy Head of the Main Directorate for Combating Organized Crime and Corruption (hereinafter \u2013 GUBOPiK), shared statistics on protest-related criminal cases from 2020 to 2022 in an interview<\/a>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n He also admitted that 79% of the people who are on the wanted list for protest-related cases reside abroad.<\/p>\n\n\n\n On 11 August 2022, at a meeting of the Central Office of the Investigative Committee, it was stated that from 9 August 2020 to 1 July 2022, the Committee initiated more than 11,000 criminal cases<\/a> on «extremism-related» grounds. On 18 April 2022, the Deputy Chairman of the Investigative Committee stated<\/a> that since August 2020, more than 8,500 «extremism-related crimes» were documented in Belarus. Thus, based on the official data of the Investigative Committee, it can be concluded that in just less than three months, 2,500 «extremist» cases were additionally opened.<\/p>\n\n\n\n On 24 August 2022, the head of the Investigative Committee Department in Minsk stated<\/a> that in the first half of 2022, more than 280 people were detained on suspicion of participating in mass protests in August 2020. 238 people were charged and a measure of restraint in the form of detention was applied to them. Supposedly, the charges are brought under «protest» Article 293 («Mass riots») and 342 of the Criminal Code («Actions grossly violating public order»). The Investigative Committee also claimed that investigators in Minsk managed to create a «criminalistic video library, which includes thousands of files, thanks to the analysis of which more than 1,400 participants of the street terror have already been identified.»<\/p>\n\n\n\n This is the third overview in which we document incidents related to Russian aggression against Ukraine with the support of the Belarusian authorities. In the previous overview for April-June 2022, we also observed the use of anti-extremist legislation to prosecute those who disagree with the war and the fact of dragging Belarus into military action. The trends continue: the courts announce sentences for «rail partisants» (2 sentences), for the transfer of information about Russian military equipment (14 sentences) and for the desire to fight on the side of Ukraine (8 sentences).<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n Arbitrary mass detentions in the areas of Belarus bordering Ukraine<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n On 25 July 2022, information appeared<\/a> about random mass detentions in Mozyr, Narovlya, Khoiniki, Yanov, and Drogichin. Pro-government resources reported the arrests of «extremists, nazis, near-football fans» and «especially dangerous criminals,» although the only reason for such arrests was subscriptions to opposition Telegram channels. Detainees are known to have been subjected to torture<\/a> and degrading treatment. «Confession tapes» with detainees, filmed under pressure from the law enforcement representatives, appeared in pro-government resources.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Criminal cases against volunteers, who expressed a desire to fight on the side of the Ukrainian army<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Minister of Foreign Affairs Vladimir Makei claimed<\/a> that Belarusians fighting in Ukraine «will be punished according to the relevant wartime laws, regardless of whether it happens in Belarus or in those regions, according to the laws of those entities on whose territory they are fighting.» He added that «retribution for such people will be inevitable.» It is known about 8 sentences, 2 lawsuits that have already been started, and 1 detention against potential volunteer fighters under Article 361-3 of the Criminal Code.<\/p>\n\n\n\n On 28 July 2022, the first sentence was passed<\/a> for trying to take part in the war on the side of Ukraine. Brest Regional Court sentenced a local resident to 2.5 years in a general regime penal colony for trying to join the Kalinovsky battalion, which is a part of the Armed Forces of Ukraine. The prosecution used search queries about the battalion on the defendant\u2019s computer and phone, correspondence with acquaintances from Poland about joining the unit, as well as the testimony of a taxi driver and border guards, whom he also informed of his intention, as evidence of the unlawful intentions. On 30 August 2022, Brest Regional Court sentenced<\/a> a 1st grade student to 2.5 years in prison. He was detained while trying to cross the border with Ukraine bypassing checkpoints. Correspondence with the Telegram bot of Kalinovsky battalion was found on his phone. At the trial, the defendant claimed that he was going to avoid using weapons at all costs and wanted to provide first of all medical and technical support for the unit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n This period was also marked by the initiation of 6 new criminal cases under this Article. On 4 July<\/a> and 25 August<\/a> 2022, the Investigative Committee announced the initiation of investigations into attempts to participate in the war in Ukraine by contacting Telegram bots. In the public affairs office of the Committee, such people are called «potential mercenaries» and «rebels» who «fell under the influence of false information about the ongoing special operation.» Moreover, on 12 August 2022, pro-government sources reported<\/a> the detention of a citizen of Belarus, who in 2019 «left to fight against Luhansk independent republic and Donetsk independent republic,» and, upon returning to the country, «was collecting intelligence for foreign intelligence agencies.»<\/p>\n\n\n\n One case<\/a> is known when the detention of a potential Kalinovsky battalion volunteer did not result in criminal prosecution, but was limited to a «preventive conversation» with the GUBOPiK employees.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Expressing disapproval with the actions of Russia equated with inciting hatred on ethnic and national grounds<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n On 8 July 2022, a «confession tape» appeared<\/a>, in which a detained resident of the Minsk region under pressure admits that he subscribed to «destructive Telegram channels» and left insulting comments about police officers and the Russian military.<\/p>\n\n\n\n On 27 July 2022, Mogilev Regional Court sentenced<\/a> a local resident to 3 years in prison under articles on slander of Lukashenko (Part 2 of Article 367 of the Criminal Code) and on inciting social discord (Part 1 of Article 130 of the Criminal Code). The charges were based on his posts on social networks, in which he expressed his opinion about the history of Belarus and his attitude towards Russia. In one of the comments, he claims that «Poland is the brother of Belarus, Ukraine is its sister!». Earlier, the man was included in the List of persons involved in terrorist activities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n On 28 July 2022, information appeared<\/a> about the detention of an underage employee of the sports media «Pressball,» who stated on his personal YouTube channel that «Belarusians have always fought with Russia,» and also left «negative comments towards the Russians about the special operation in Ukraine.» On 2 August 2022, the Minsk City Prosecutor’s Office filed a criminal case<\/a> against a 32-year-old Minsk resident accused of inciting hatred (Part 1 of Article 130 of the Criminal Code) because of his publications that «undermine trust and respect for the military and law enforcement representatives of the Russian Federation.» A resident of Grodno<\/a> and a student from Minsk<\/a> were also detained for insulting the Russian military.<\/p>\n\n\n\n On 19 August 2022, a resident of the Grodno region was sentenced<\/a> to 4.5 years of imprisonment for insulting Lukashenko (Article 368 of the Criminal Code), violence against a governmental official (Article 366 of the Criminal Code), and inciting hatred. According to investigators, his statements on social media in February 2022 about the Russian military constitute «inciting national hatred.»<\/p>\n\n\n\n On 23 August 2022, in the framework of the Article 130 of the Criminal Code, a TikTok user was detained<\/a> for posting videos in support of Ukraine and against the Russian military on her page. On 2 September 2022, another person was detained<\/a> for supporting Ukraine on TikTok, while on a «confession tape» he was forced to admit supporting Russia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n On 13 September 2022, information appeared<\/a> about the detention of the administrator of the VKontakte group called «ZA ADZINUYU DZARZHAUNUYU MOVU U Belarusi!» («For the only official language in Belarus!»), who is accused of «cultivating hatred towards the Russian language.»<\/p>\n\n\n\n Punishments for other comments related to war<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n On 1 July 2022, the Kirovsky District Court sentenced<\/a> a local student to 6.5 years in a medium-security prison under Part 3 of Article 361 of the Criminal Code («Appeals to harm national security») and Article 368 of the Criminal Code («Insulting the President»). The woman was accused of forwarding a text that harshly criticized the actions of Vladimir Putin and Alexander Lukashenko in the context of the war in Ukraine. Earlier, in June 2022, she was included in the list of persons involved in terrorist activities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n On 6 July 2022, a Minsk resident was detained<\/a>, who said that the installation of the memory of the Second World War «Victory Train» is «a traveling circus of Russian victory obsession.» A criminal case has been initiated against him, but the exact charges remain unknown.<\/p>\n\n\n\n On 11 July 2022, the Vitebsk District Court sentenced<\/a> a man to 1 year and 9 months in prison for posting his anti-war poem on TikTok. He was convicted under Article 368 of the Criminal Code («Insulting the President»), since, according to the prosecution, the poem contained words «which insulted Lukashenko, humiliated his honor and dignity.»\u200e<\/p>\n\n\n\n On 14 July 2022, a military and political observer Yegor Lebedok, the author of a popular analytical Telegram channel, was detained<\/a>. According to pro-governmental sources, he was detained for «recording various videos with «expert opinion,» throwing mud at the Russian and Belarusian army.» On 29 July 2022, information appeared about the initiation of a criminal case under Article 361-4 against Lebedok for giving interviews to media recognized as extremist formations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n On 25 August 2022, the General Prosecutor\u2019s Office initiated a criminal case<\/a> against the deputy of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine Oleksey Goncharenko for his statement that «Lukashenko will hang on a pole on the next Ukrainian Independence Day» in response to Lukashenko\u2019s resonant congratulations<\/a> on the Independence Day of Ukraine, in which he «wished for a peaceful sky above Ukraine.» The case was initiated under Articles on discrediting Belarus (Article 369-1 of the Criminal Code) and on the threat of violence against Lukashenko (Part 2 of Article 366 of the Criminal Code).<\/p>\n\n\n\n Recognition of resources critical of Russia\u2019s aggression as extremist materials<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n On 13 July 2022, Facebook account of a Vitebsk resident, with a number of posts criticizing Russia’s aggression in Ukraine, was <\/a> recognized as extremist<\/a> by a court decision. On 27 July 2022, the Leninsky Court of the city of Mogilev recognized<\/a> social media accounts of an adviser to the Office of the President of Ukraine, Alexey Arestovich, as «extremist materials.» The decision concerned Facebook, Instagram, YouTube, and Telegram accounts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Cases of «acts of terrorism» for inflicting damage to railway tracks<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n On 10 August 2022, the court of Bobruisk district and the city of Bobruisk imposed severe sentences<\/a> upon three men and two women accused of terrorism and insulting A. Lukashenko. The men were found guilty of committing acts of a «terrorist nature.» According to investigative authorities, they were involved in the arson of the shooting area of a local military unit, and disposed of explosive devices found near the railway. The men were sentenced to imprisonment of 14 to 16 years in a high-security colony. In the same case, two women were sentenced to two years of imprisonment and two years of supervised release, respectively, on charges of arson of a straw man figuring Lukashenko. On 16 September 2022, a resident of Vitebsk was sentenced<\/a> to 15 years of imprisonment for planning to disable railway traffic safety systems. This illustrates the practice of imposing harsh punishments even for the planned actions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Nevertheless, the practice of prosecution for damaging railway tracks is not consistent and in some cases such actions were not interpreted by law enforcement officers as an «act of terrorism.» For example, on 11 July 2022, the court of the Polotsk district sentenced<\/a> a local resident to 3 years of imprisonment under part 1 of Article 309 of the Criminal Code («Intentional damage to a vehicle or means of communication») for damaging the locking mechanism and committing arson of a relay cabinet on the way «Farinovo-Zagatye.»<\/p>\n\n\n\n On 7 August2022, according to the human rights defenders of the Human Rights Center «Viasna,»<\/a> security forces committed raids in the city of Ivanovo and Ivanovo district in order to find those involved in sabotage on the railway tracks in Brest region. Special purpose police unit (OMON) officials carried out arbitrary detentions in public places and resorted to the disproportionate use of physical force.<\/p>\n\n\n\n On 7 July 2022, a criminal case against three «rail guerillas» coming from Svetlogorsk on charges of arson against a battery-relay cabinet, which caused damage to the railway amounting to 54 thousand rubles (about $ 21,000), was submitted to the court<\/a>. The charges were brought under Article 289 of the Criminal Code (act of terrorism), Article 309 of the Criminal Code (disabling transport routes), Article 361-1 of the Criminal Code (participation in an extremist formation) and Article 356 of the Criminal Code (treason). On 15 July 2022, a case against a resident of Stolbtsy, who made a bonfire on the railway tracks «in order to destabilize the normal operation of railway transport» and «to influence the decisions taken by the authorities of Belarus,» was referred for the court hearing<\/a>. The charges were brought under articles 289 and 309 of the Criminal Code. <\/p>\n\n\n\n On 19 August 2022, a criminal case against a resident of Osipovichi on charges of participating in an «extremist formation» (part 3 of Article 361-1 of the Criminal Code) and preparing an act of terrorism (part 2 of Article 289 of the Criminal Code) was referred to the court<\/a> by the Prosecutor General\u2019s Office. According to the investigative authorities, the accused joined the «Peramoga Plan» initiative, and then decided to commit arson against a section of the railway track using a homemade Molotov cocktail.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Spreading information about Russian troops recognized as the promotion of «extremism»<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n During the analyzed time period, a number of sentences were rendered on grounds of sending photos of military equipment to «extremist» Telegram channels, including the «Belaruski Gayun» channel, designed to monitor military activity in Belarus. Sentences were imposed under Article 361-4 of the Criminal Code («Promotion of extremist activity»).<\/p>\n\n\n\n Within three months, 14 sentences were reported to be rendered. For example, on 14 July 2022, Brest Regional Court sentenced<\/a> Intex-press journalist Yuri Gontsarevich to 2.5 years of imprisonment for sending photos of aircraft to the Telegram bot of the Radio Svaboda media outlet. On 19 July 2022, Gomel Regional Court sentenced<\/a> a minor local resident to 3 years of imprisonment for a video recording the movement of Russian equipment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n On 30 August 2022, it was reported<\/a> that a resident of the Gomel district was charged with state treason (Article 356 of the Criminal Code) for communicating information to the Telegram channel, which is «controlled by a foreign organization.» This was the first time when the mentioned article was applied in the case of spreading information about military facilities. Unlike Article 361-4 of the Criminal Code, which provides for an imprisonment of up to 6 years, article 356 of the Criminal Code prescribes imprisonment for a term of up to 15 years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n At least 7 cases of detentions during the «raids» by security forces in the border areas with Ukraine also became known. For example, on 6 August 2022, in the city of Yelsk, Special Purpose Militia Unit (OMON) officers committed raids<\/a> across the city searching for people spreading photos of the movement and unloading of military equipment at a local station on the media.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Sentences for anti-war graffiti<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Despite the fact that the Law «On Countering Extremism» does not directly attribute the desecration of buildings and damage to property (Article 341 of the Criminal Code) to extremist activity, the Law provides that acts against public order and public morality can be equated with extremism if they are aimed at inciting hostility. This is probably the rationale behind the actions of law enforcement officials when they consider cases launched under this article in statistics reports on «extremist» crimes. The analyzed period was marked by 6 sentences under this article against people who made «extremist inscriptions» and inscriptions in support of Ukraine on buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n On 5 July 2022, a resident of Gomel was sentenced<\/a> to three months of arrest for making a wall inscription insulting Russia\u2019s President Vladimir Putin. The accused confessed to the offense and said that he was outraged by the situation in Ukraine. On the same day, the Kobrin court sentenced<\/a> a local resident to 2 years of probation for inscriptions «Glory to Ukraine,» «Death to the rashist occupiers,» and others. On 30 July 2022, it was reported<\/a> that a housing and utilities services worker was sentenced to 1.5 years of probation for making inscriptions «No war,» «No war!,» «Luka,» «killer!» in the garage near the local bathhouse. On 16 August 2022, the court of the Moskovsky district of Brest sentenced<\/a> a 57-year-old woman to 1.5 years of imprisonment in a standard regime colony under Article 341, Article 339 («Hooliganism»), and 368 («Insulting the President of Belarus») of the Criminal Code. According to the investigative authorities, the woman spread white-red-white ribbons and flags across streets in Brest, and also made anti-war inscriptions in pencil and chalk.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Detentions for «unauthorized events» expressing support for Ukraine<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n A resident of Gomel, who organized a holiday for children of Ukrainian refugees, was fined<\/a> for «violating the procedure for holding mass events» (Article 24.23 of the Administrative Code). Two residents of Novopolotsk were detained for a photo<\/a> placed in a frame resembling the flag of Ukraine and an anti-war action<\/a> during a school assembly. A Belarusian State University (BSU) professor<\/a> was detained for participating in protest actions and raising funds for support of the Ukrainian army. Meriem Gerasimenko<\/a> was detained for performing Ukrainian songs (according to the security forces, this amounted<\/a> to a crime under Article 130 of the Criminal Code), as well as for transferring money for purchasing a combat drone «Bayraktar» for the army of Ukraine. On 15 September 2022, the Ministry of Internal Affairs reported<\/a> on the detention of 5 Minsk residents for placing a white-red-white flag and the flag of Ukraine on a 19-storey building.<\/p>\n\n\n\n During the analyzed period, criminal prosecution of online commentators for «inciting social hostility» proceeded, charges were brought under articles «on denial of the genocide of the Belarusian people» and «inciting national hostility» for undesirable interpretation of history, cases of «discrediting» were launched in response to dissemination of undesirable information about current state policy. People advocating for fair elections results were charged with «interference with the exercise of electoral rights,» and people resorting to direct actions of any scale were charged with «terrorism.» Creation of opposition media resources or registration thereof proceeded to be classified as «creating or participating in an extremist formation.» Financial assistance to «extremist» information resources or foundations, and any kind of interaction with resources or foundations thereof were classified as «financing extremism» and «promoting extremism» respectively. The same actions inconsistently lead to the application of different articles of the Criminal Code.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n Leak of data concerning security officials<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n De-anonymizing personal data of government representatives to opposition resources is still classified as «inciting social hostility.» People were also prosecuted for posting personal data and providing any assistance to media resources via which such data is disseminated. Within three months, cases of 5 sentences, 12 detentions, and 2 investigations for the described actions were reported. Both employees of companies and departments who had access to personal data and sent it to opposition channels on a massive scale, and people, who once publicizes the data of one or more security forces officials, were subjected to prosecution.<\/p>\n\n\n\n On 4 August 2022, an ex-employee of the cadastral agency was sentenced<\/a> to 6.5 years in prison with deprivation of the right to hold organizational and administrative positions for a period of 5 years. On 15 July 2022, a Brest resident was sentenced<\/a> to 6 years of imprisonment and fined with 3,200 rubles ($1,200) for engaging in development of software designed to print and disseminate information about state officials. On 5 September 2022, a former employee of the Investigative Committee from Novopolotsk was sentenced<\/a> to 7 years in prison. On 5 September 2022, the final charge was brought<\/a> against the administrator of the platform «23.34,» who, according to the investigation, stored data of more than 17 thousand officials. On 14 September 2022, the case against a person, who distributed the data of 16 thousand security forces officials, was submitted for the court hearing<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n On 11 August 2022, the alleged administrator of the Telegram channel<\/a> «Grodno for Life,» who «distributed personal data of more than 2,000 police officers,» was detained. Three cases of detentions of state officials, who distributed information about their former colleagues, were reported: for example, a former employee of the prosecutor’s office<\/a>, who communicated prosecutor\u2019s office employees\u2019 personal data to the Black Book of Belarus channel, was detained. It was also reported about the case of detention for not only personal data, but also official documents<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n The practice of punishing people for transferring personal data of government officials remains inconsistent. People can be sentenced under Article 130 of the Criminal Code (with a penalty of up to 12 years of imprisonment) or under the «not extremism-related» article 203-1 of the Criminal Code («Illegal actions with respect to information about private life and personal data» \u2013 up to 5 years of imprisonment). For example, on 3 August 2022, Vitebsk Regional Court sentenced<\/a> a local resident to 4.5 years in prison under a number of «political» articles, including Article 203-1 of the Criminal Code and Article 361-1 of the Criminal Code for leaking data of «more than 1.5 million Belarusians» and managing channel recognized as an «extremist formation» respectively. On 15 August 2022, a resident of Mogilev was sentenced<\/a> to 3 years of imprisonment in a penal colony under articles 203-1, 368, and 369 of the Criminal Code. The punishment was grounded on reacting with a «like» to a video about a policeman in Odnoklassniki, because of which the video was displayed on the user’s page.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Analyzed period was marked by the detention of lawyers<\/a> Mikhail Makarov and Anastasia Saganovich, who were defenders in the case of «Revolutionary Action.» According to the Ministry of Internal Affairs, they shared personal data of employees of GUBOPiK, the Investigative Committee, the Prosecutor’s office and judges adjudicating this criminal case, in «extremist» Telegram resources. In this case, the charges were brought under Article 407 of the Criminal Code («Disclosure of information of the inquest, preliminary investigation or closed court hearing»).<\/p>\n\n\n\n Critical comments<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Within the period of three months, cases of 24 sentences and 2 investigations for strong critical comments in messengers and social networks with regard to state officials and law enforcement structures in general, as well as for comments calling to the use of force when resisting security forces, were reported. According to the security forces, such comments amount to «inciting other social enmity.»<\/p>\n\n\n\n For example, on 21 July 2022, a resident of Minsk was sentenced<\/a> to 3 years of imprisonment for comments regarding military personnel, carrying out peacekeeping activities in the Republic of Kazakhstan in January 2022. According to the prosecutor’s office, the comments contained «insults and information discrediting military personnel.» On 2 August 2022, Gomel Regional Court sentenced<\/a> a local resident to 3 years in prison for a post on social networks in which he called the policemen «subhumans» and expressed the hope that they would «bear responsibility for crimes committed against their people.» On 10 August 2022, a Gomel resident was sentenced<\/a> to 2.5 years of imprisonment for comments «negatively assessing» the employees of the Ministry of the Interior, judges and state officials. On 7 September 2022, a resident of Staryje Dorogi was sentenced<\/a> to 7 years of imprisonment for critical comments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n We have also become aware of 23 cases of detentions. For example, on 26 July 2022, a Brest resident was detained<\/a> for comments in the chat «Country for Life» containing «calls for the murder of police officers, terror against their family members.» On 2 August 2022, a former employee of the Investigative Committee from Pruzhany was detained<\/a> for «inciting hatred» and «threatening GUBOPiK officials with javelins.» On 19 August 2022, a person, who, according to GUBOPiK employees, left more than 1,500 comments and various calls of a political nature («Let’s go out for a walk! Do not be afraid,» «Workers, we will support you until the end, do not give up!,» «We are waiting for people’s patience to burst and we will start slaughtering and burning those slaboviki» (author\u2019s note: slaboviki \u2013 <\/em>contemptuously about security forces representative violently dispersing peaceful gatherings<\/em>), was detained<\/a>. On 22 August 2022, a female resident of Minsk was detained<\/a> for leaving «700 comments in the most radically-minded chats, «mostly insulting and calling to death of people she didn’t know.»<\/p>\n\n\n\n «Zeltser\u2019s case» and comments about other dead security officers<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Within the framework of the «Zeltser\u2019s case,»<\/a> new sentences were passed under Articles 130 and 369 of the Criminal Code («Insulting a representative of the authorities») for making insulting comments addressing Dmitry Fedosyuk \u2013 the murdered State Security Committee (hereinafter \u2013 the KGB) employee. On 3 August 2022, representatives of the Investigative Committee announced that, since the date of the incident, they handed 57 criminal cases<\/a> over to the prosecutor\u2019s office to refer them for consideration in court under article 130 of the Criminal Code, although previously cases of at least 200 detentions<\/a> were reported.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Within three months, 27 sentences were rendered for negative online comments about the mentioned incident. Except for imprisonment, the courts often additionally imposed a fine as «compensation for moral harm.» Most of such cases were considered in closed hearings, therefore only some cases can be studied in detail.<\/p>\n\n\n\n On 13 July 2022, Minsk Regional Court sentenced<\/a> a local resident to two years in a penal colony and a fine of 100 basic units (about $ 1300) \u2013 he reposted a video recording of Zeltser’s shootout with KGB officers and commented it with «It’s time to take out the trash.» On 5 August 2022, Gomel Regional Court sentenced<\/a> a resident of Cherikov to 3.5 years in a penal colony for the comment «The people broke the match open» \u2013 the court considered that the man «called for a fight against law enforcement agencies» and «glorified the actions of a terrorist who killed a KGB officer.» On 11 August 2022, the Minsk City Court sentenced<\/a> a Minsk resident to 2.5 years in prison for the comment «The killer will end up in hell.» (author\u2019s note: ad lit. \u2013 «The earth will be concrete for the killer,» figurative expression antonymic to «May one rest in peace»<\/em>). On 12 August 2022, Grodno Regional Court sentenced<\/a> the former head of the Ministry of Emergency Situations to 1.5 years in prison for reacting with «like» to an «offensive» comment about a deceased KGB officer. On 21 August 2022, the Minsk City Court sentenced<\/a> him to 3 years in a penal colony and a fine of 200 basic units (about $ 2500) for the comment «These were gestapo officers who were killed, civil servants do not break into doors, he came with a sword and died of the sword alike,» which the prosecution regarded as «cultivation of anti-state sentiments» and «a tendency to express delight in the murder of a police officer.» On 26 August 2022, Brest Regional Court sentenced<\/a> a local resident to 2.5 years in prison for the comment «One more or fewer police officers doesn\u2019t make a difference. [They have no business] breaking into other people’s houses without an invitation.» On 12 September 2022, a resident of Grodno was sentenced<\/a> to 4 years of imprisonment not only under Article 130 of the Criminal Code, but under Article 361 of the Criminal Code («Calls for punitive actions or other harm to national security»).<\/p>\n\n\n\n People who have left comments about other cases of the death of security forces are subjected to prosecution. On 11 July 2022, Mogilev Regional Court sentenced<\/a> a resident of Bobruisk to 4.5 years in a penal colony for a TikTok video shooting them commenting on the death of pilots in the crash of a military aircraft in Baranovichi. On 22 July 2022, pro-government channels reported a wave of detentions<\/a> under Article 130 of the Criminal Code for «insulting comments» with regard to the employee of the Ministry of the Interior from Baranovichi<\/a>, engaged in suppressing peaceful protests there, who died as a result of the accident.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Inciting national hostility<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n In addition to criminal cases for inciting national hostility against Russians, another case is known. On 31 July 2022, the Polish newspaper Rzeczpospolita shared details<\/a> of the criminal case against Andrzej Poczobut, journalist and activist of the Union of Poles in Belarus. As we know, Belarusian Prosecutor’s Office qualified Poczobut’s comments about Soviet aggression against Poland on 17 September 1939, as «incitement to ethnic hatred.» Also, the article about one of the commanders of the Polish anti-communist underground in the Hrodna region, published in 2006, and the article where the journalist described how the protests were dispersed on the night of August 9-10, 2020, were qualified as «incitement of hatred.» On August 17, 2022, it became known<\/a> that the journalist was additionally charged under Article 361 of the Criminal Code.<\/p>\n\n\n\n «Extremist» stickers<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n On 17 August 2022, a video<\/a> of a detained Vizor illustrator artist was published. It has been reported that he was involved in creating protest stickers for Telegram. According to law enforcement reports, experts concluded that the stickers «incite hostility.»<\/p>\n\n\n\n On 26 August 2022, Vitebsk regional court sentenced<\/a> a man who had been «lured away from Russia» by GUBOPIK employees to 4.5 years in prison. In addition to Article 130 and a number of defamation articles, the man was accused of «rehabilitation of Nazism.» According to the prosecution, since 2018, he posted materials on «VKontakte,» expressing a positive attitude towards the fighters of the collaborationist formations «Belarusian Border Defense» and «RONA.» Through his posts, the man allegedly «glorified the Nazi and neo-Nazi ideology,» as well as «formed a positive attitude towards the activities of German soldiers during the occupation of Belarus.» <\/p>\n\n\n\n On 15 September 2022, the Investigative Committee announced the completion of the investigation<\/a> against a resident of Homel on charges of «rehabilitation of Nazism» and «establishment of an extremist formation» (Article 361-1 of the Criminal Code). According to investigators, the man created a Telegram channel for the promotion of Nazism, in which he posted images of Nazi symbols, photos, and videos of Hitler’s speech, as well as anti-Semitic and racist statements.<\/p>\n\n\n\n We also know about a sentence for promoting Nazism, which was qualified as «inciting hostility.» On 9 August 2022, Homel regional court sentenced<\/a> a resident of Rechytsa to three years in a general regime colony for publishing memoirs of a Nazi general and a photo of himself in the uniform of a Nazi officer. The man noted that ten years ago, he had participated in the shooting of Russian films in Russia, during which he was photographed in Nazi uniform. He also explained that he posted the memoirs of the Nazi general on social networks because he was interested in the topic, in particular how the Nazis committed their crimes and how they justified their actions. <\/p>\n\n\n\n The law «On the genocide of the Belarusian people,»<\/a> which establishes criminal liability for denying the genocide of Belarusians during the Second World War or in the postwar period, was signed on 5 January 2022. For a more detailed analysis of this law through the prism of international legal standards, please see our legal review<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n The first case under the new Article 130-2 of the Criminal Code was first brought on<\/a> 26 August 2022, against the media publications «Flagstock» and «Zerkalo.io.» «Flagshtok» published material in which it was claimed that on one of the maps of Homel, published on the website of the local Department of Capital Construction (DCK), there is a note about the place of mass burials of victims of political repressions in 1937. The article stated that, according to the Prosecutor’s office, there were Nazi victims in this grave, and the facts of shootings in 1937 do not correspond to reality. This material was also reprinted by «Zerkalo.io.» After a while, the «resonant» map was removed from the DCK website, and a criminal case<\/a> was filed against the media. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Article 191 of the Criminal Code «Interference with electoral rights, with the right to participate in a referendum, or with the right to legislative initiative of citizens, or with the work of the Central Commission of the Republic of Belarus for Elections and National Referendums, electoral commissions, referendum commissions, commissions for voting on the recall of a deputy»<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Attempts to interfere with a referendum also qualify as «extremist activity» under Article 1 of the Law on Counteracting Extremism.<\/p>\n\n\n\n On 3 August 2022, the Investigative Committee announced<\/a> that the office had completed its investigation of seven people accused of attempting to disrupt the national referendum on amendments to the Constitution of the Republic of Belarus, which was held in February 2022. The defendants are accused of mass distribution of emails to members of election commissions and referendum participants on behalf of state organizations in order to «influence the minds of citizens.» Earlier, the Investigative Committee reported<\/a> that criminal proceedings were initiated under Articles 191 and 349 of the Criminal Code («Unauthorized access to computer information»).<\/p>\n\n\n\n The period was marked by the first convictions under this article \u2013 a total of 4 sentences were handed down for distribution of leaflets before the referendum. On 19 August 2022, a resident of Brest was sentenced<\/a> to three years in a medium-security prison for sending letters with an appeal to count votes honestly; two residents of Minsk were also given identical sentences<\/a> for distributing leaflets with the same requests. On 20 September 2022, the Central district court sentenced<\/a> three Minsk residents \u2013 one of the defendants in the case was sentenced to 5 years of «home chemistry» (a temporary measure of restraint of liberty) and the rest \u2013 to 4 and 6 years of jail. On 28 September 2022, four more Minsk residents were sentenced to imprisonment<\/a> of up to 2.5 years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n On 23 June 2022 Baranavichy court sentenced<\/a> a retired individual to 12 years in a reinforced regime colony and deprived him of his military rank of «lieutenant colonel» under article 289 of the Criminal Code and article 295-3 («Illegal actions with flammable materials.») He was found guilty of throwing three Molotov cocktails at cars near a local military unit. On 5 September 2022, a former KGB officer was sentenced<\/a> to 16 years in prison for setting fire to two BelToll road toll system portals.<\/p>\n\n\n\n This article is not included in the description of the Law «On Combating Extremism» but is classified as «extremist activity» by Article 19 of the Law «On Citizenship.» <\/p>\n\n\n\n During the analyzed period, the article was used to punish independent journalists. On 13 July 2022, Homel regional court sentenced<\/a> Belsat journalist Katerina Andreeva to 8 years and three months in minimum security penalties under Part 1 Article 356. The political prisoner was found guilty of «giving state secrets of the Republic of Belarus to a foreign state, international or foreign organization or their representatives.» It is unknown which actions the court interpreted as treason against the state, as the trial was held behind closed doors. On 14 September 2022, Hrodna Regional Court sentenced<\/a> «Novy Chas» journalist Denis Ivashin to 13 years and one month in prison. Due to the closed trial, details of the case remain unknown, but charges may have been brought for his investigative journalism.<\/p>\n\n\n\n On 9 August 2022, a new criminal case<\/a> under Article 356 of the Criminal Code was initiated against the owner of the national symbols store «SYMBAL.BY.» Pavel Belous was previously recognized by human rights activists as a political prisoner. The pro-government sources claim that «he and his accomplices had been performing the tasks of foreign states and organizations for several years for remuneration, promoting the idea of «Polish peace» and pumping hatred into the country’s electorate against the state.» Pavel was also charged with supplying people with protest symbols and coordinating activities aimed at a violent seizure of power.<\/p>\n\n\n\n On 22 August 2022, the KGB sent to court<\/a> a criminal case against members of the strike movement «Rabochy Ruch,» recognized as an «extremist formation.» According to the investigation, members of the movement transmitted to the U.S. and Lithuanian intelligence agencies the official information about state-owned enterprises, which concerned «the ways they took to circumvent» the sanctions. Also, the defendants in the case are accused of planning to block the production activities of the Belarusian Metallurgical Plant (BSW) and Hrodna Azot. In total, the case involves 14 people, 10 of whom are accused of «treason against the state» and «calls for sanctions» (Article 361 of the Criminal Code).<\/p>\n\n\n\n On 5 September 2022, Minsk Regional Court passed sentence<\/a> in the «conspiracy case.» Political analyst Aliaksandr Feduta and the chairman of the Belarusian Popular Front Party Ryhor Kastusiou were sentenced to 10 years of imprisonment, while lawyer Yury Ziankovich was sentenced to 11 years. Also, as part of the case, the court sentenced Ziankovich’s office employee Volha Golubovich and activist Denis Kravchuk to 2.5 years in jail under Article 342 of the Criminal Code. The defendants were accused of attempting to organize a coup d’etat, as well as to murder Alexander Lukashenko and members of his family. Earlier, the KGB reported that there were nine people in the case, but five of them were abroad. <\/p>\n\n\n\n On 28 September 2022, Minsk city court sentenced<\/a> former journalist of Belteleradiocompany and member of the Coordination Council of the opposition Ksenia Lutskina to 8 years in prison. Ksenia planned to create «alternative television» on YouTube together with other journalists who had quit the state channels. According to the investigation, she prepared and edited various statements on behalf of the Coordination Council, which were then filled in the opposition Internet resources in order to destabilize the situation in Belarus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n On 11 August 2022, pro-government sources reported<\/a> on the detention of the brother of Deputy Commander of Kalinovsky battalion. He was allegedly leaving critical comments on the Internet and distributing «white-red-white attributes,» in connection with which he faces a lengthy prison sentence «for calling for a forceful seizure of power, insulting security officials and participation in an attempted coup d’etat.» It is not known whether a criminal case on charges of coup d’etat was initiated.<\/p>\n\n\n\n On 28 August 2022, the General Prosecutor’s Office sent to court the criminal case<\/a> against five members of the informal organization Civil Self-Defense Units of Belarus, recognized as terrorists in Belarus. They are accused of various acts prevented by law enforcement officers: an explosion at a military communications center in Vileika, sabotage in the forestry, and an attempt on a state journalist Ryhor Azarenok. The charges include a number of terrorist articles: Article 289, 290-2 («Support of terrorist activity»), 290-3 («Preparation for terrorist activity»), 290-4 («Participation in a terrorist organization»), 359 («Act of terrorism against a state or public figure»). The defendants could face up to 20 years in prison. <\/p>\n\n\n\n On 28 September 2022, Minsk City Court passed a decision<\/a> in the high-profile case of the informal initiative «Busli Latsats» («Storks Are Flying»), recognized as a terrorist in Belarus. Six defendants in the case were sentenced to 8 to 15 years imprisonment for «terrorist acts against the state and public figures,» «participation in a terrorist organization,» «inciting social hatred,» and other crimes. According to the charges, the defendants were involved in damaging the car of a judge of the Barysau district, puncturing the tires of a correspondent of the state mass media, throwing stones at the apartment of an employee of the Minsk prosecutor’s office, and damaging video surveillance systems in Frunzenski district of Minsk.<\/p>\n\n\n\n On 30 September 2022, Minsk City Court sentenced<\/a> the developer of an application for boycotting a business loyal to the authorities and de-anonymizing security forces under the name «Belscan» to 8 years in prison. According to the Ministry of Internal Affairs, in addition to distributing the personal data of the security forces, this application allowed identifying manufacturers of goods by barcode and checking their affiliation to Belarusian state-owned enterprises. The agency believes that the program contains calls for action against national security. The charges were brought under Articles 130, 203-1, 342 and 361 of the Criminal Code. <\/p>\n\n\n\n On 10 August 2022, the Investigative Committee «reported» on the completion<\/a> of the investigation against members of the group of «extremists» from Soligorsk, who are accused of using «extremist inscriptions and images» and distributing «printed protest-themed products.» In addition to other «political» articles, the defendants were charged under Articles 130 and 361 of the Criminal Code.<\/p>\n\n\n\n The period was marked by the detentions of representatives of civil society within the framework of this article: activist Alexander Ivanov<\/a> and journalist Yevgeny Merkis<\/a> were detained (later the charge was reclassified as «promoting extremism «<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n On 26 September 2022, pro-government sources reported<\/a> the detention of an employee of the Grodno Azot enterprise for critical comments calling for sanctions. The man was punished with 15 days of arrest, and an expert examination was appointed regarding his comments. It is also known about the charging under this article to a resident of Pinsk<\/a>, previously detained only on an administrative case.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 36 cases of criminal prosecution are related to the registration in the Telegram bot of the «Plan Peramoga» («The Victory Plan»). This initiative was recognized as an «extremist formation» together with BYPOL in November 2021, and in September 2022 it was recognized as a terrorist organization. Despite this, pro-government sources claim that the persecution of detainees is still carried out within the framework of «extremist» legislation, since people were registered in the chatbot before the initiative was recognized as «terrorist.» It is also known about two criminal cases against people who interacted with other opposition resources. A resident of Kobrin was detained<\/a> for registering in the chatbot of the channel «Motolko Pomogi» («Motolko Help»), and a case may be initiated<\/a> against a Minsk priest under Article 361-1 of the Criminal Code for being subscribed to «extremist» channels and sending information to their bots (usually responsibility for such actions comes under Article 361-4 of the Criminal Code). <\/p>\n\n\n\n This article continued to be used to punish administrators of opposition resources recognized as «extremist formations.» We have come to know about 5 sentences against such people, one completed investigation and one detention. At the same time, cases have been recorded when the channel is recognized as an «extremist formation» after the detention of the alleged administrator under Article 361-1 of the Criminal Code.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Gomel Regional Court sentenced<\/a> the administrator of the cultural and historical Telegram channel «Rezystans» to 3 years in a high-security colony. According to the prosecution, he published posts in which he discredited and insulted the authorities, reprinted extremist posts, posted Nazi symbols, and also portrayed Russians in a negative light. The same court sentenced<\/a> the owner of the YouTube channel «The Third Region of Belarus» to 5 years in prison for videos containing «anti-state information and propaganda of resistance to the authorities,» as well as a fine and compensation to the injured policemen in the amount of 8,200 BYN (about $3,275). We have also learned about the detention<\/a> of a Minsk resident who administers 30 opposition Telegram chats. Despite the ban of the UN Human Rights Committee<\/a>, Russia granted the request of the Prosecutor General’s Office<\/a> of Belarus to extradite Yana Pinchuk to the Belarusian authorities, who is accused in under Articles 130, 361 and 361-1 of the Criminal Code for the administration of the «extremist» channel «Vitebsk 97%.» <\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n
Legislative changes<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
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Statistics<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
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«Extremism» and the war in Ukraine<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
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Criminal cases<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
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Article 130 of the Criminal Code «Incitement of racial, national, religious or other social enmity or discord»<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Article 130-1 of the Criminal Code «Rehabilitation of Nazism»<\/em><\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Article 130-2 of the Criminal Code «Denial of the Genocide of the Belarusian People»<\/em><\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Article 289 of the Criminal Code «Acts of Terrorism»<\/em><\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
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Article 356 of the Criminal Code «Treason against the State»<\/em><\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Article 357 of the Criminal Code «Conspiracy or Other Acts Committed with the Purpose of Seizing State Power»<\/em><\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Article 359 of the Criminal Code «Act of terrorism against a state or public figure»<\/em><\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
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Article 361 of the Criminal Code «Calls for restrictive measures (sanctions), other actions aimed at harming the national security of the Republic of Belarus» <\/em><\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Article 361-1 of the Criminal Code «Creation of an extremist formation or participation in it» <\/em><\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n